Unbenanntes Dokument Arno A. Evers FAIR-PR home
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english CV Arno A. Evers
english Lebenslauf Arno A. Evers
2nd Edition of International Conference on Green Chemistry and Renewable Energy
Sunny Houses @ Samal Island
VIPs from politics, science and business 1995 - 2006
Development 1995-2006
H2Back Online Consultations
deutsch My thoughts about hydrogen
filling stations
Philippines A visit at the BATAAN Nuclear Power Plant in The Philippines,
February 2019  
english NEW! Hans-Olof Nilsson's Off-The-Grid Hydrogen House near Goteborg, Sweden  
english Visit to NOORo I to III
in Ouarzazate, Morocco as part of the SolarPACES 2018 conference  
english The Hydrogen Energy Summit 2018
Chiang Mai, Thailand (via Skype)
english Arno's Interview
 @ Hannover Messe 2017
deutsch 1. Klimaschutzkongress
auf der Insel Sylt
Arno's and Juan's Interview
@ Hannover Messe 2014
Arnos und Juans Interview
@ Hannover Messe 2014
Interview with Arno: This book is the crowning of my life's work
Interview mit Arno: Dieses Buch ist der krönende Abschluss meines Lebenswerks
About "Our" Energy- Infrastructure on the way to Energiewende
Arnos Vortrag:
Sind wir noch zu retten?
kulturstudio: Klartext No 50 - Arno A. Evers - Energiewende auf der Erde
Arno's EnergieGedanken
jetzt auch auf YouTube!
Fernseh-Sendung zum Thema Wasserstoff und Brennstoffzellen
Open Letter to Angela Merkel, Federal Chancellor of Germany, the founder and to all members of the German Ethics Commission "Secure Energy Supply"
Offener Brief an Angela Merkel, Bundeskanzlerin, die Gründerin und alle Mitglieder der Ethikkommisson "Sichere Energieversorgung"
Carta abierta al Angela Merkel, Canciller Federal de Alemania, fundador y miembros del Comité de Ética Alemán convocado por la Canciller de Alemania para “Asegurar el abastecimiento de energía”
Invitation to WORKerence
Visits at MagneGas™
Arno was invited speaker at WREC World Renewable Energy Congress XI
in Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates,
September 25-30, 2010
Arno's Activities on LinkedIn
Arno's Blog
Arno received the Hydrogen Award
for his Lifetime Contribution to Hydrogen Energy...
It`s all about Energy:
Energy Images
Objective and unbiased
Information Graphics
1. Energy Balances
1.1 World Energy Balance
1.2 Energy Balance in Germany
2. Production of hydrogen
2.1 Hydrogen from direct solar
2.2 Hydrogen from renewable energies
2.3 MagneGas™ from renewable energies
2.4 Hydrogen from fossil fuels
2.5 Hydrogen from nuclear energy
3. Production of electricity
3.1 Electricity from hydrogen
3.2 Electricity from renewable energies
3.3 Electricity from fossil fuels
3.4 Electricity from nuclear energy
4. Hydrogen and Fuel Cells on their way to commercialisation
4.1 A proposal to future energy supplies
Your Personal Power Provider (3P+)
4.2 Virtual Power Plant
5. Four steps to a new Energy Supply
5.1 Revolution in the garage
5.2 The cars are the keys
6. Energizing the world
6.1 Energy Efficiency
6.2 Global Energy Consumption
6.3 Digital Technologies and Consumer Electronics
6.4 Exampl. from Aircraft/Mining Industries
7 The 15 biggest global players
About Arno A. Evers FAIR-PR
Arno A. Evers FAIR-PR Team
Our Philosophy
Our Projects 1990-2019
Contact
HANNOVER FAIR 1995 - 2019
HANNOVER FAIR 2019
HANNOVER FAIR 2018
HANNOVER FAIR 2017
Arno's Forum Interview 2017
HANNOVER FAIR 2016
HANNOVER FAIR 2015
HANNOVER FAIR 2014
HANNOVER FAIR 2013
HANNOVER FAIR 2012
HANNOVER FAIR 2011
HANNOVER FAIR 2010
Arno's Forum Interview 2010
HANNOVER FAIR 2009
Arno's Video during HF 2009
Arno's Forum Interview 2009
HANNOVER FAIR 2008
Arno's Forum Interview 2008
HANNOVER FAIR 2007
Arno's Forum Interview 2007
HANNOVER FAIR 2006
Daily Networking evenings
HANNOVER FAIR 2005
Daily Networking evenings
International Commercial Visitors 2005
HANNOVER FAIR 2004
International Commercial Visitors 2004
HANNOVER FAIR 2003
International Commercial Visitors 2003
HANNOVER FAIR 2002
HANNOVER FAIR 2001
HANNOVER FAIR 2000
HANNOVER FAIR 1999
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VIP Guest 1995 - 2006
Our 84 videos 2002 - 2009
Development 1995 - 2010
Conferences and website Documentation -Summary-  
2006 - 2009
Konferenzen und Webseiten Dokumentation -Zusammenfassung-       
 
2006 - 2009
Background Information
Articles by Arno A. Evers
H2/FC Links
Visits and Workshops
Hans-Olof Nilsson's Off-The-Grid Hydrogen House near Goteborg, Sweden
Visit at the Italian demonstration plant of MagneGas™ on February 7th and 8th, 2011
Hydrogen Plant of Emirates Industrial Gases Co. Ltd ( EIGC) at Dubai, UAE
Huerta Solar en Tabernas, Spain, October 2009
Andasol, Spain, October 2009
Antares DLR H2, Stuttgart, Germany, September 2009
German Aerospace Center (DLR) Deutsches Zentrum für Luft-und Raumfahrt eV, Stuttgart, Germany, Institute of Technical Thermodynamics (ITT) Institute of Vehicle Concepts Stuttgart, Germany, June 2009
Brennstoffzellen-Boote für den Freizeitbereich, Hochschule Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany June 2009
AFCC Automotive Fuel Cell Cooperation, Burnaby, BC, Canada June 2009
Powertech Labs Inc., a: "... wholly owned subsidiary of BC Hydro (a Crown corporation of the Government of British Columbia), Surrey, BC, Canada June 2009
Plataforma Solar de Almería, Spain
Observations
How Airbus conquered the
US market in the 70s
The Arecibo Observatory
Arecibo, Puerto Rico
Hat Creek Radio Observatory,
Hat Creek, CA, USA
National Radio Astronomy Observatory, Green Bank, WV, USA
Wright Brothers National Memorial, Kitty Hawk, NC, USA
Fuel Cell Bus Trial, Perth, Australia
California Hydrogen Highway, USA
SPACEFEST 2009, San Diego, USA
Impressions from worldwide Conferences, which we attended to promote the commercialisation of Hydrogen and Fuel Cells:
2022
#117 2nd Edition of Internationalflag
Conference on Green Chemistry and Renewable Energy
2020
#116 2020 6th International flag
Conference on Environment and Renewable Energy (ICERE 2020), 24-26 February 2020, Hanoi, Vietnam
2019
#115 4th Annual ASEAN Solar + flag
Energy Storage Congress & Expo 2019 14- 15 Nov, 2019 The Bellevue Manila, Philippines
#114 SFERA-III 1st Summer School &flag
Doctoral Colloquium at CNRS-PROMES in Odeillo, France
September 9th-13th, 2019
#113 Starmus V, June 24 – 29, 2019flag
Zurich, Switzerland a global festival of science communication and art
2018
#112 Visit to NOORo I to III in flag
Ouarzazate, Morocco as part of the SolarPACES 2018 conference, October 6, 2018
#111 The Hydrogen Energy Summit flag
2018 Chiang Mai, Northern Thailand Arno's presentation: Off the Grid – Unveiling new ways for our Energy supply January 26, 2018
2015
#110 1. Klimaschutzkongress auf der
Insel Sylt
25. September 2015 Vortrag von Arno A. Evers: Eine „Insel- Lösung“ für Sylt? Neue Wege zur Energieversorgung der Insel Sylt
2014
#109 6. Hamburger Klimawoche
29. August 2014 Vortrag von Arno A. Evers: Physikalische und Gesellschaftliche Rahmenbedingungen der Energiewende
010
2012
#108
MesseKongress RegioEnergie+++ flagDreieich 2012
9. September 2012
Vortrag von Arno A. Evers: Sind wir noch zu retten?
2010
#107 WREC World Renewable Energy Congress XI
September 25-30, 2010

Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates

Oct 2010
#106 18th World Hydrogen Energy Conference WHEC 2010,
May 16 - 21

Essen, Germany

Jun 2010
2009
#105 "Bright Horizons 6" - A Journey
to the Edge of the Cosmos

Eastern Caribbean

Dec 2009
#104 2009 Fuel Cell Seminar & Exposition
Palm Springs, CA, USA

Nov 2009
#103 Fuel Cell Technologies:
FUCETECH 2009
Mumbai (Bombay), India
Nov 2009
#102 f-cell
Stuttgart, Germany
Sep 2009
#101 SolarPACES 2009
Berlin, Germany
Sep 2009
#100 5th Annual Hydrogen Implementation Conference
Charleston, WV, USA

Aug 2009
#99 Intersolar North America
San Francisco, CA, USA

Jul 2009
#98 European FUEL CELL FORUM 2009
Lucerne, Switzerland

Jun 2009
#97 HFC2009
Vancouver, Canada

Jun 2009
#96 telescon 2009
Vienna, Austria

May 2009
#95 Hydrogen Works
San Diego, CA, USA

Feb 2009
#94 ICEPAG 2009
Newport Beach, CA, USA

Feb 2009
2008
#93 HTE-HI.TECH.EXPO 2008
Milan, Italy

Nov 2008
#92 Fuel Cell Seminar & Exposition
Phoenix, AZ, USA

Oct 2008
#91 H2Expo
Hamburg, Germany

Oct 2008
#90 f-cell
Stuttgart, Germany

Sep 2008
#89 INTELEC 2008
San Diego, CA, USA

Sep 2008
#88 2008 Formula Zero Championship
Rotterdam, The Netherlands

Aug 2008
#87 HyForum 2008
Changsha, P.R. China

Aug 2008
#86 WREC X 2008
Glasgow, Scotland, UK

Jul 2008
#85 KMCM 2008
Vancouver, BC, Canada

Jul 2008
#84 Lucerne FUEL CELL FORUM 2008 Switzerland
Lucerne, Switzerland
Jun 2008
#83 17th World Hydrogen
Energy Conference (WHEC) Australia
Brisbane, Australia
Jun 2008

The role of the young generation ...
#82 Renewable Energy Asia
Bangkok, Thailand Thailand
Jun 2008
#81 Selected Hydrogen Fueling Stations in California, USA USA
Apr 2008
#80 NHA Annual Hydrogen Conference 2008USA
Sacramento, CA, USA
Mar / Apr 2008
#79 FC EXPO 2008 Japan
Tokyo, Japan
Feb 2008
#78 Der 4. Deutsche Wasserstoff Germany
Congress 2008
Essen, Germany
Feb 2008
#77 ISEPD 2008 Korea
Changwon, Korea
Jan 2008
2007
#76 20TH World Energy Congress & Exhibition Italia
Rome, Italy
Nov 2007
#75 World Hydrogen Technologies Convention (WHTC) Italia
Montecatini Terme, Italy
Nov 2007
#74 2007 Fuel Cell Seminar & ExpositionUSA
San Antonio, Texas, USA
Oct 2007
#73 KOREA ENERGY SHOW 2007 Korea
Seoul, Republic of Korea
Oct 2007
#72 Tenth Grove Fuel Cell Symposium GB
London, UK
Sep 2007
#71 Solar Tech India 2007 India
New Delhi, India
Sep 2007
#70 SES-Fachtagung
MYTHOS STROMLÜCKE Switzerland
Zurich, Switzerland
Aug 2007
#69 HFCE 2007 China
Shanghai, P.R. China
Jul 2007
#68 IHEC 2007 Turkey
Istanbul, Turkey
Jul 2007
#67 KMCM 2007 Germany
Düsseldorf, Germany
Jul 2007
#66 Kick Off Meeting zur Leitinnovation Mikrobrennstoffzelle Germany
Munich, Germany
Jun 2007
#65 Hydrogen and Fuel Cells 2007: International Conference &
Trade Show
Vancouver, BC, Canada

April / May 2007
#64 GENERA - Energy and Environment International Fair
Madrid, Spain
Feb / Mar 2007
#63 World Renewable Energy Congress [WREN]
Fremantle, Australia
Feb 2007
#62 Environment 2007
Exhibition & Conference UAE
Abu Dhabi, UAE
Jan 2007
2006
#61 2nd Annual Fuel Cells Durability & Performance 2006 USA
Miami Beach, FL USA
Dec 2006
#60 EDTA Conference & Exposition USA
Washington, DC, USA
Nov 2006
#59 The Fuel Cell Seminar USA
Honolulu, Hawaii, USA
Nov 2006
#58 Fraunhofer Symposium
Mikroenergietechnik
POWER TO GOGermany
Berlin, Germany
Oct 2006
#57 Renewables to Hydrogen Forum USA
Albuquerque, NM, USA
Oct 2006
#56 Alternative Transport Energies Conference Australia
Perth, Western Australia
Sep 2006
#55 Power-Gen Asia China
Hong Kong, Hong Kong
Sep 2006
#54 World Renewable Energy
Congress IX and Exhibition Italy
Florence, Italy
Aug 2006
#53 R&D in the field of Hydrogen and Fuel Cell in Germany and Europe Germany
Clausthal, Germany
Jul 2006
#52 Lucerne Fuel Cell Forum 2006 Switzerland
Lucerne, Switzerland
Jul 2006
#51 16th World Hydrogen Energy Conference (WHEC) France
Lyon, France
Jun 2006
#50 NHA Annual Hydrogen Conference
Long Beach, CA, USA
Mar 2006
#49 FC EXPO 2006
Tokyo, Japan
Jan 2006
#48 Wasserstoff und Brennstoffzellen im Automobil
Essen, Germany
Germany
Apr 2006
2005
#47 Fuel Cell Seminar
Palm Springs, USA

Nov 2005
#46 Internationale ASUE-Fachtagung
Essen, Germany

Nov 2005
#45 EHEC 2005
Zaragoza, Spain

Nov 2005
#44 Fuel Cell Summit:
A Road Map to Commercialization
Uncasville, CT, USA

Oct 2005
#43 2005 Grove Fuel Cell Symposium
London, UK

Oct. 2005
#42 WHTC 2005 World Hydrogen Technologies Convention (WHTC) Singapore, Singapore
Oct. 2005
#41 f-cell 2005, Stuttgart, Germany
Sep. 2005
#40 The 27th International Telecommunications Energy Conference - intelec '05
Berlin, Germany

Sep. 2005
#39 IHK Nord Wasserstoff – Tagung
Lübeck, Germany

Sep. 2005
#38 ICHS - International Conference on Hydrogen Safety , Pisa, Italy
Sep. 2005
#37 IHEC-2005
International Hydrogen
Energy Congress & Exhibition

Jul. 2005
#36 93. Bunsen Kolloquium
Jun. 2005
#35 European Hydrogen and Fuel Cell Technology Platform (HFP)
Brussels, Belgium

Mar. 2005
#34 Cairo 9th International Conference on Energy & Environment
Sharm El-Sheikh, Egypt

Mar. 2005
#33 1st International Fuel Cell Expo
Tokyo, Japan

Jan. 2005
 
2004
#32 H2PS: The 2004 Hydrogen Production and Storage Forum,
Washington, DC, USA

Dec. 2004
 
#31 Impressions from Shanghai
Nov. 2004
 
#30 Renewable Energies China incl. Hydrogen + Fuel Cells
Shanghai, PR China

Nov. 2004
#29 Michelin Challenge Bibendum 2004
Oct. 2004
#28 Energy Asia 2004
Oct. 2004
#27 Hydrogen and Fuel Cells 2004
Conference and Trade Show
Toronto, ON, Canada

Sep. 2004
#26 Meetings in Singapore,
Sep. 2004
#25 Hydrogen and Fuel Cell Futures Conference, Perth, Australia
Sep. 2004
#24 Exhibiting at World Renewable Energy Congress VIII
Denver, CO, USA

Sep. 2004
#23 Arno presenting at ACS National Meeting Philadelphia, PA, USA
Aug. 2004
#22 Promotion of FP6, for European Union, Delegation of the European Commission, Shanghai
Jul. 2004
#21 IHK Energy-Podium 2004
Jul. 2004
#20 15th World Hydrogen Energy Conference (WHEC15)
Yokohama, Japan

Jun. 2004
#19 Impressions from the
Energy Forum 2004
Varna, Bulgaria

Jun. 2004
#18 Impressions from HYFORUM
May 2004
#17 Impressions from Dubai
United Arab Emirates

May 2004
#16 Impressions from Argentina
May 2004
#15 Promoting Hydrogen Production from Patagonia, Argentina
May 2004
#14 Impressions Zhuozheng Garden
in Su Zhou

Mar. 2004
2003
#13 H2PS: The 2003 Hydrogen Production and Storage Forum
Washington, D.C., USA

Dec. 2003
#12 Impressions from
Washington, D.C., USA

Dec. 2003
#11 Shanghai International Industry Fair (SIF), Shanghai, P.R. China
Nov. 2003
#10 Energy Asia 2003
PTC Asia 2003
CeMAT Asia 2003
Factory Automation Asia 2003
Shanghai, P.R. China

Nov. 2003
#9 2003 WATER KOREA
Nov. 2003
#8 NESC 2003 - 6th Int'l Conference on New Energy Systems & Conversions
Nov. 2003
#7 Impressions from Busan
South-Korea

Nov. 2003
#6 2003 Fuel Cell Seminar
Miami Beach, Florida, USA

Nov. 2003
#5 Impressions from Shanghai, Beijing, P.R. China
Nov 2003 - Jul. 2004
#4 f-cell forum, Stuttgart, Germany
Sep. 2003
#3 Hypothesis V, Porto Conte, Italy
Sep. 2003
#2 1st European Hydrogen Energy Conference, Grenoble, France
Sep. 2003
#1 Cooperation for Energy Independence of Democracies in the 21st Century
Jerusalem, Israel

Aug. 2003
Shanghai International
Industry Fair (SIF) 2004

International Meeting Point with Conference, Renewable Energies China, incl. Hydrogen + Fuel Cells, Shanghai, China  
In memoriam: Daniela Peschka
In memoriam: Ludwig Boelkow
Corporate Information
home
 
 

 

Hydrogen or electricity? A nuclear fork in the road

Many groups have joined the hydrogen discussion, each bringing a different set of assumptions and a different definition of what "the hydrogen economy" means to them. Hydrogen and "the hydrogen economy" are of particular interest to the US nuclear energy community because of their potential to steer next generation reactor design decisions to meet a presumed niche opportunity for hydrogen production via high-temperature thermo-chemical processes or high-temperature electrolysis. We should, therefore, seriously consider the future hydrogen market and understand the source for the momentum to develop "the hydrogen economy."

It is useful to review nuclear energy’s strengths and define what "the hydrogen economy" means to the nuclear energy community to set the stage for cataloging which sub-topics ought to be discussed. Nuclear energy is mankind’s only non-greenhouse-gas(GHG)-emitting, ‘round-the-clock, regardless-of-the-weather, stationary energy source. Nuclear energy is particularly adept at making electricity.

"The Hydrogen Economy" is understood to imply a reconfiguration of the US transportation system into one based on hydrogen as the fuel in replacement of the transportation sector's present energy source, petroleum. The hydrogen fuel, it is further understood, will be the energy carrier by which stationary-source energy is carried to the transportation sector. Since transportation accounts for a full third of US’ annual energy consumption, and about two thirds of US petroleum consumption, it is only reasonable that all stationary energy source communities should want to realistically survey the issues that will effect the possibility and timing of an opportunity to broadly extend their stationary-source energy to the transportation sector.

Currently, hydrogen is used by many industries ranging from fertilizer to metallurgy. Hydrogen’s largest use, however, is in the refinement of crude oils into the gasoline that fuels our present system of mobile transportation. Hydrogen is both incorporated into the gasoline product through the hydro-cracking of long-chained molecules and applied to the removal of impurities as hydrides. Capturing the present hydrogen market is certainly not a significant opportunity. In fact, as long as transportation continues to be petroleum based, there is no big hydrogen opportunity worthy of a dedicated plant level of focus.

Nearly all hydrogen in use today is, itself, being "produced" by stripping hydrogen from natural gas through steam reformation of methane. There is no technical advantage to reforming methane in preference to electrolysis of water, there is only a price advantage of about a factor of two. Today, natural gas is trading with a floor price of about 5 USDollars/MBtu. That price will need to rise permanently above 9 USD/MBtu before methane reformation will quantitatively yield the hydrogen supply market to electrolysis using electricity costing 4 ¢/kWh (all figures based on 2004 valuations). Less-expensive off-peak electricity may find limited opportunity in hydrogen production if the price of natural gas approaches the break point. The natural gas industry, itself, does not think the recent runup in natural gas prices represents a continuing trend or that 9 USD/MBtu (2004) will be approached through its present planning period of two decades1.

Hydrogen Facts & Economics

Hydrogen’s one attribute is that it produces only water at the endpoint of use. This gives the impression that it is a "clean," environment-friendly fuel. As it is an energy carrier, hydrogen can be produced by electrolyzing water with any domestic electricity source or it can be stripped from any fossil fuel. Anything that has hydrogen can be stripped of its hydrogen. This has the appearance of promoting national security through domestic source versatility. The truth, however, about whether hydrogen best serves our national security and energy security goals depends upon how its burden of application weighs on the national economy in comparison to other options. Similarly, the truth about its supposed cleanliness depends upon its production heritage. A hydrogen auto using hydrogen derived from coal-fired electricity is actually several times more polluting than a gasoline-powered auto.

Among hydrogen’s deficits are that it is a low-energy-density gas (at standard conditions) with significant handling and containment problems. It is the smallest and leakiest of gas molecules (i.e., four times smaller and leakier than methane). It embrittles both metals and plastics. Its low normal energy density requires that it be compressed or liquefied to force it into a state of having a reasonable effective energy density for a fuel. The act of compressing or liquefying it consumes ten to thirty percent of its energy value. Simply transporting the compressed or liquefied hydrogen from points of production to fueling stations is estimated to cost fifteen times more than room-temperature liquid distribution simply due to physical volume issues associated with reinforced, high-pressure-gas tanks or insulated, liquefied-gas tanks.

The American Physical Society’s March 2004 assessment of the present state of hydrogen vehicle technology is that a factor of ten to one hundred improvement in cost and performance is needed in order for hydrogen vehicles to become competitive2. The hydrogen community’s reply to that challenge includes an assumed reconfiguration of automobile manufacturing to lighter, carbon fiber-reinforced, thermoplastic vehicles, assumed improvements in fuel cell efficiencies, assumed resolution of storage and materials issues, general denial of the magnitude of capital infrastructure costs and heavy emphasis of the endpoint energy use efficiency of electric drive systems relative to internal combustion engines (ICEs). Much of the competitiveness gap lies with the core hydrogen technologies, the storage system and the fuel cells. At present, these account for a quarter of a million dollar competitiveness gap for an average family sedan or minivan. Of course, every manner of efficiency gain proposed by the hydrogen community can and will first be applied to petroleum vehicles thus eliminating non-hydrogen-based factors as tools to help close the gap. And, in the final analysis, even if all hydrogen materials issues are resolved, there still remains one critical, unsolvable barrier between hydrogen and economic viability for the masses.

Any serious attempt at a hydrogen economy would promptly overwhelm methane resources and necessarily have to be supplied with electricity-derived hydrogen. And, of course, hydrogen use ends with electricity coming out of a fuel cell. So, hydrogen use is really a loop that starts and ends with electricity. Unfortunately, the efficiency of that electricity to hydrogen to electricity loop is only twenty-five percent3. Four power plants making electricity with only one plant’s electricity actually being used is unacceptable in any situation, particularly so at a time of global energy-related challenges. This problem is essentially unsolvable because it is rooted in the thermodynamics of irreversible losses. If hydrogen were extremely convenient or otherwise cost-effective or particularly safe, we might overlook its inefficiency. But hydrogen has none of those attributes either. Inefficiency — particularly hydrogen’s inefficiency relative to the direct use of electricity — is pure hydrogen’s critical, fundamental, unsolvable drawback.

One Alternative to Pure Hydrogen Fuel: Methanol

One candidate for a post-petroleum fuel is the alcohol methanol. Methanol is a room-temperature liquid that can be produced from any number of carbon sources in a long-term (i.e., post-natural gas) scheme ranging from the most-expensive route using carbon dioxide that is harvested from the atmosphere (for a net zero greenhouse gas emission loop) to using coal in a modified coal syngas plant. Both of these production schemes could utilize nuclear/renewable hydrogen. Coal-based methanol production utilizing nuclear hydrogen to supplement the hydrogen found in coal itself could easily supply our transportation fuel for centuries. Methanol is a very reasonable and versatile fuel with many advantages over pure hydrogen. As a room-temperature liquid, methanol would be handled and distributed with exactly the same type of infrastructure by which liquid gasoline is distributed today. Thus, it has none of the handling or materials complications that come with a pure hydrogen fuel. Think of methanol as still using hydrogen as the energy carrier, but also choosing to carry the energy carrier on a carbon atom for all the handling and materials benefits that come with a room-temperature liquid.

Methanol can power flexible fuel vehicles, cars that can run on blends of gasoline and alcohol fuels. Indy-500 race cars burn pure methanol (called M100 in the racing community) for its safety advantages as a fuel with a lower burn temperature. Methanol can also be converted directly to electricity in direct methanol fuel cells (DMFCs). In fact, DMFCs with small methanol tanks are already on the market, sold as "disposable batteries" for small electronic applications.

Methanol’s largest use today, however and very importantly, is by the petrochemical industry to make countless industrial and consumer products such as synthetic textiles, recyclable plastics, household paints and adhesives. The facts that methanol is a good fuel, that it has the convenience of being a room-temperature liquid, that it can be manufactured domestically by a variety of methods and that it also is an important primary feed material for the petrochemical industry make methanol a more useful post-petroleum commodity than pure hydrogen.

Essentially all methanol production today is, like hydrogen, from natural gas. The common heritage of hydrogen and methanol from natural gas implies that the methanol and petrochemical industries will also be affected by an eventual rise in natural gas prices. Thus, hydrogen and methanol markets should be considered simultaneously. Decades in the future, a combination of events including rising methane and petroleum prices, pressure on coal and the dual uses of methanol as fuel and plastics synthesis feed may have proceeded such that nuclear energy might find justification in considering the application of very high-temperature reactor technology to methanol production on a dedicated plant scale.

Will the Real Energy Carrier Please Stand Up?

There is only one transportation alternative relevant to this discussion that is less expensive than petroleum. Most people don’t realize it, but electric transportation is already, today, less expensive per mile driven than gasoline-based transportation. While hydrogen needs a few miracles and several decades - as well as severe petroleum price escalation - to hope to approach some manner of competitiveness relative to petroleum, electricity is already cheaper. Improvements in battery energy densities have essentially solved the perceived range problem. One quarter ton mass of today’s battery technology gives an average metal-chassis car about one hundred miles of range and allows one to run errands around town for about half the cost of powering the same vehicle with gasoline4.

A large fraction of our routine personal transportation can be comfortably met with today’s electricity storage and drive technology. This doesn’t mean every car will or must or should become all-electric. Nonetheless, a large fraction of the US transportation market can, today, be transferred from petroleum to electricity.

We are already seeing a rapid embrace of hybridization by automakers and consumers. We will soon start to see the gasoline versus electric ratio shifting in favor of electricity in some models. Adding battery capacity and plug-in capability for overnight charging are simple modifications to an already-hybridized vehicle. In fact, hybrid owners are already making these modifications themselves and manufacturers have indicated that Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles (PHEVs) may be manufactured as soon as the 2007 model year. Some models of hybrids will evolve from being gasoline-based with electric assistance into being electricity-based with relatively minor gasoline backup. Why will this happen? Because electricity is cheaper.

Electricity is very unlikely to relinquish transportation market share once it has gained it. Electricity is clean, efficient, safe, familiar and cost-effective. An EPRI study found that the majority of people surveyed preferred plugging in a vehicle to fueling at the gas station 5. Finally, overnight charging perfectly fits our present grid functioning which tends to be electricity rich during night-time, off-peak hours.

Rather than speculating on a revolution in transportation based on a thermodynamically inefficient fuel and an altogether new infrastructure, perhaps the US nuclear energy community should notice that the transportation evolution - based on a familiar energy carrier and existing technology - has already begun.

The Hydrogen Economy: Roots in Renewable Energy

The strength of the relationship between "the hydrogen economy" and renewables can not possibly be overstated. The wind doesn’t always blow and sunlight isn’t always striking every solar panel. Renewable energy desperately needs a very big battery, a load leveler. Without some form of energy storage, renewables - which not counting hydroelectric power account for about 2% of US power generation today - are physically limited to less than a twenty percent share of the grid. At twenty percent, renewables are more of a headache than a resource for a grid manager. Electricity storage tools are expensive. Very expensive. Too expensive to justify on their own or at societal scale. But, maybe one can assemble enough little problems, like load leveling and urban air pollution and energy security, into something that looks like one big problem worthy of one big predetermined solution...

You don’t have to dig too deeply into the hydrogen literature before you encounter discussions of "hydricity." Imagine all energy in a society as a flowing energy commodity that is readily and repeatedly being converted between two carriers, electricity and hydrogen, as needed, in real time, to meet all the energy needs of society - energize the grid, provide all mobile transportation fuel, provide energy storage and load leveling. Clean and instantaneous. The renewable vision is that hydrogen will be the renewable society’s electricity storage tool, load leveler and transportation fuel. In such a vision, we would no longer think of electricity or hydrogen or conversion efficiencies. All energy just becomes hydricity. The collective capacity of every car’s hydrogen tank is society’s energy storage reservoir. Parked cars are not just connected to the grid, they become part of the grid. The lean grid is automatically supported from the huge resource of all parked cars’ fuel cells tapping hydrogen from their tanks. And vice versa, replenishing all cars’ hydrogen tanks when the grid is rich. Never mind that an electricity to hydrogen to electricity loop delivers only one fourth of the original usable electricity. Apparently conversion efficiencies don’t matter. Renewables are, after all, renewable.

For those who have been wondering why this initiative is being called the hydrogen "economy" rather than the hydrogen "transportation system," here is your answer. For those who have been wondering why there is a focus on developing energy independence through hydrogen transportation when electricity is obviously already much more capable, efficient and cost effective, here is your answer. "The hydrogen economy" is, at its core, an attempt to integrate renewable energy’s desperately needed load leveler into general commerce.

My sincere advice to fellow greens of the renewable energy community is as follows: recognize that the twenty five percent loop efficiency problem with hydrogen is essentially unsolvable because it is rooted in thermodynamics - hydrogen will never be an acceptable load leveler; instead work to minimize the weather-dependent grid limitation problem of renewables by focusing on improvement of the North American grid infrastructure and encouraging utilization of more-efficient (i.e., on the order of 80% returned electricity) electricity storage tools like vanadium redox flow batteries (VRB).

Electricity Will Always Be Nuclear Energy’s Primary Mission

It is usually difficult to predict the future. In this case, however, the economic realities are overwhelming and the hybrid evolution has already begun. Electricity is the energy carrier that will be carrying stationary-source energy to the transportation sector in the 21st Century. Affordable Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles will begin appearing on dealers’ lots in the next few years. Grid-distributed electricity will gain significant US transportation market share because it is a less expensive form of personal transportation. Being clean, efficient, convenient and wholly supportive of our national security and energy security goals will further solidify its hold. Nuclear energy’s opportunity regarding transportation is in providing low-cost, non-GHG electricity. Therefore, the US nuclear energy community should concentrate on our fundamental issues - passive safety, proliferation resistance and closing the fuel cycle - to ensure that nuclear energy continues to be available, viable and sustainable as the lowest-cost source of grid electricity. Commit this to memory: Electricity will always be nuclear energy’s primary national mission.

David Barber has degrees in Physics, Radioecology and Chemical Engineering. He has been active in nuclear systems research, development and demonstration for fifteen years. This article was derived from a position paper entitled Nuclear Energy and the Future, the Hydrogen Economy or the Electricity Economy? The author can be reached at dbinid@msn.com for discussion or to request a copy of the original position paper.

1Balancing Natural Gas Policy — Fueling the Demands of a Growing Economy, National Petroleum Council, September 25, 2003.

2The Hydrogen Initiative, American Physical Society, March 2004.

3See, for example, Bossel’s thermodynamics analyses or the CATO Institute’s Briefing Paper No. 90, Hydrogen’s Empty Environmental Promise, by Anthrop.

4 Advanced Batteries for Electric Drive Vehicles, EPRI 1009299, May 2004 (March 2003 report available for download here.)

5 Comparing the Benefits and Impacts of Hybrid Electric Vehicle Options for Compact Sedans and Sport Utility Vehicles, EPRI 1006892, July 2002.

 

 
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